I was reading the first couple chapters of the Dalai Lama's Ethics for the New Millennium
(1999). I struggle with his "happiness" motivation. I'll talk more on
this another day, but for now, I'll say that I am not interested in an
emotional state being my primary motivator. I am much more motivated by a
sense of "fulfillment" or "achievement" or "accomplishment", which
recognizes a commitment to the future through purpose and intention. For me, Buddhism might be necessary, but is not sufficient,
for my personal philosophy.
The Dalai Lama's
book has got me thinking about the origins of my compassion, which I
find based on the "Golden Rule" ("Do unto others as you would have them
do unto you"), and/or the "Platinum Rule" ("Do unto others as they would
have you do unto them"). But both these "rules" require the ability to
imagine what another person's perspective might be.
So
these thoughts got me to write down some of the most fundamental
beliefs I have, from which my choices follow. In the spirit of math or
logic, these can be thought of as my axioms, though I believe these can
still be boiled down to more basic beliefs. I list them in no particular
order, other than the order I thought of them:
1. I will die someday.
2. I cannot change the past.
3. I can imagine that I was born you, and so share your perspective.
4. I was born as a result of a process, and so I shall respect and know that process.
5. I cannot know everything (some things are not knowable to me).
6. Survival is necessary, though perhaps not sufficient.
7. Though I die someday, some part of me might live on through a contribution (genetic or memetic) that survives me.
8.
A survival strategy that has served life on Earth well for the past
billion years is diversity. If I cannot know everything, then I might be
vulnerable to threats I don't anticipate. To protect from, and survive,
the unknown, diversity is a good strategy.
9.
A survival strategy that has served humans well for the past several
million years, and me personally during my lifetime, is learning from
the experience of others. [I added this just now, so it's not part of my
question for Gemini below.]
Having
written down these beliefs, I was interested in other people who might
have thought about these statements and their importance. So I
consulted my favorite research librarian: Gemini. Below is the
conversation I had with Gemini.
It is interesting to note that Gemini's first response focused on Western thinkers, even though I made no such limitation. And when I pointed out Gemini's bias, Gemini immediately acknowledged its mistake.
The combined (Western and non-Western) reading list is at the end of this article, along with a reading plan.
I guess I have my work cut out for me!
[From a conversation with Gemini 2.5 Pro (experimental) (https://gemini.google.com) on April 6, 2025]
Me: What are the best sources to investigate and consider the following statements:
1. I will die someday.
2. I cannot change the past.
3. I can imagine that I was born you.
4. I was born as a result of a process, and so I shall respect and know that process.
5. I cannot know everything (some things are not knowable to me).
6. Survival is necessary, though perhaps not sufficient.
7. Though I die someday, I might live on through a contribution that survives me.
8. A Survival strategy that has served life well for the past billion years is diversity. If I cannot know everything, then I might be vulnerable to threats I don't anticipate. To protect from the unknown, diversity might be the best strategy.
Gemini: Okay, these are profound statements touching on fundamental aspects of existence, consciousness, time, knowledge, and survival. Investigating them requires drawing from various fields of knowledge and introspection. Here are some of the best sources and approaches to consider for each statement:
... [Gemini gave a list of sources and approaches applicable to the statements]
Me: Please put together a reading plan to investigate what others have said about these statements. The plan should have the goal of educating me and enlightening me through the wisdom of past great thinkers.
Gemini: Okay, here is a reading plan designed to expose you to the wisdom of past great thinkers on the themes embedded in your statements...
... [Gemini gave an extensive list of primary sources]
Gemini: This plan provides a robust journey through Western thought relevant to your statements. Remember to pause, reflect, and perhaps reread sections that resonate or challenge you. Enjoy the process of engaging with these powerful minds!
Me: Why do you limit yourself to Western thought?
Gemini: You raise an excellent and entirely valid point. My apologies – focusing solely on Western thought was indeed a significant limitation and oversight in the previous reading plan.
... [Gemini gave a long explanation of the source of this bias]
... [Gemini gave an extensive list of primary sources for non-Western thought]
Me: Please combine both lists into a single recommended reading plan
Gemini: Okay, here is a combined reading plan integrating both Western and non-Western thinkers, designed to guide your investigation into the eight statements. This plan is structured in phases to build understanding, moving from foundational concepts to more complex explorations, and encouraging comparison across traditions.
Guiding Principles for This Plan:
- Integration: Weave together diverse perspectives within thematic phases.
- Foundation First: Start with texts that establish core concepts about life, death, knowledge, and ethics from different viewpoints.
- Seek Good Translations: Crucial for accessing non-English original texts accurately.
- Embrace Diverse Styles: Texts range from dialogues and aphorisms to dense arguments and narratives.
- Reflection is Key: Pause between readings, journal your thoughts, and note connections or contrasts.
- It's a Journey: This is a significant undertaking; be patient with yourself and the material.
Combined Reading Plan: Exploring Existence Across Traditions
Phase 1: Foundations - The Examined Life, Acceptance, Mortality, and Natural Order (Approx. 2-3 months)
Goal: Engage with fundamental questions about how to live, face impermanence, accept reality, and understand our place in the cosmos, drawing from Greek, Roman, Buddhist, and Taoist wisdom.
- Plato: Apology & Phaedo (Ancient Greek Philosophy)
- Focus: The value of questioning, virtue, the soul, arguments about death.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 5, 7.
- The Dhammapada (Early Buddhism)
- Focus: Sayings on impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), non-self (anatta), mindfulness, the path.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 2, 3, 6. Introduces core Eastern concepts.
- Epictetus: Enchiridion OR Seneca: On the Shortness of Life (Roman Stoicism)
- Focus: Distinguishing control, accepting fate/past/mortality, living virtuously.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 2, 4, 6. Offers practical Western framework for acceptance.
- Tao Te Ching (Classical Taoism)
- Focus: Harmony with the Tao (Way), acceptance of cycles, wu wei (effortless action), simplicity.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 2, 4, 5, 8. Presents a nature-centric, flowing view of reality.
- Katha Upanishad (Classical Hinduism)
- Focus: Dialogue with Death (Yama) about the Self (Atman), what persists beyond death.
- Relevance: Statement 1, 7. Deep dive into mortality from a key Hindu perspective.
Phase 2: Self, Identity, Knowledge, and Reality (Approx. 3-4 months)
Goal: Explore the nature of selfhood, consciousness, the limits of knowledge, and the structure of reality, contrasting Western rationalism and skepticism with Eastern and other perspectives.
- René Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy (Early Modern Western Philosophy)
- Focus: Radical doubt, the Cogito ("I think, therefore I am"), mind-body problem.
- Relevance: Statement 3, 5. Foundational for Western ideas of self and certainty.
- Upanishads (Selections - e.g., Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya) (Classical Hinduism)
- Focus: Exploring Brahman (Ultimate Reality) and Atman (Self), unity concepts ("Tat Tvam Asi").
- Relevance: Statement 3, 5. Offers a contrasting view of Self as Universal.
- David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (Selections) (Western Enlightenment Philosophy)
- Focus: Empiricism, skepticism about causality, induction, and a fixed "self."
- Relevance: Statements 2, 3, 5. Challenges Western assumptions about knowledge and identity.
- Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) (Classical Taoism)
- Focus: Playful skepticism, relativity of perspectives, transformation, limits of language.
- Relevance: Statements 3, 5. Deepens exploration of knowledge limits and fluid identity.
- Immanuel Kant: Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (Western Enlightenment Philosophy)
- Focus: How the mind structures experience, limits of reason (phenomena vs. noumena).
- Relevance: Statement 5. A complex but crucial Western take on epistemology.
- Consider: Walpola Rahula's What the Buddha Taught (Secondary Source - Buddhism)
- Focus: Clear explanation of core concepts, especially Anatta (non-self).
- Relevance: Helpful guide for Statement 3 from Buddhist view.
Phase 3: Meaning, Purpose, Action, and the Human Condition (Approx. 3-4 months)
Goal: Examine the search for meaning, ethical action, purpose, and ways of navigating life's challenges, incorporating existentialist, scientific, psychological, and duty-based viewpoints.
- Bhagavad Gita (Classical Hinduism)
- Focus: Dialogue on duty (dharma), desireless action (karma yoga), devotion, knowledge.
- Relevance: Statements 4, 6, 7. Explores purpose and right action within a cosmic framework.
- The Analects of Confucius (Classical Confucianism)
- Focus: Ethics, social harmony, ritual propriety, humaneness, self-cultivation for society.
- Relevance: Statements 4, 6, 7. Focuses on purpose and legacy through social roles and virtue.
- Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species (Selections) (Western Science)
- Focus: Biological evolution, natural selection, struggle for existence, variation.
- Relevance: Statements 4, 6, 8. Provides the scientific context for origins, survival, diversity.
- Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus (Western Existentialism)
- Focus: The Absurd, rebellion against meaninglessness, creating value through struggle.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 6. Confronts meaninglessness head-on.
- Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism Is a Humanism (Western Existentialism)
- Focus: Radical freedom, responsibility, creating oneself and meaning through choices.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 6, 7. Emphasizes individual agency.
- Viktor Frankl: Man's Search for Meaning (Western Psychology/Existential Analysis)
- Focus: Finding meaning through work, love, courage in suffering (Logotherapy).
- Relevance: Statements 1, 6, 7. Bridges psychology and the search for purpose.
Phase 4: Synthesis - Legacy, Community, Interconnectedness, and Living Wisely (Approx. 2-3 months)
Goal: Integrate insights, reflecting on contribution, our relationship to others and nature, and the application of wisdom in daily life.
- Leo Tolstoy: The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Western Literature)
- Focus: Literary exploration of mortality, authenticity, regret, meaning at life's end.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 6, 7. Powerful narrative reflection.
- Simone de Beauvoir: The Ethics of Ambiguity (Western Existentialism/Ethics)
- Focus: Ethics based on freedom, ambiguity, responsibility towards others.
- Relevance: Statements 3, 6, 7. Connects individual freedom to collective responsibility.
- Consider: Secondary sources on Ubuntu/African Philosophy (e.g., Mbiti, Tutu)
- Focus: Personhood through community ("I am because we are"), interdependence.
- Relevance: Statement 3, 7, 8. Offers a vital communitarian perspective.
- Robin Wall Kimmerer: Braiding Sweetgrass (Indigenous Wisdom / Modern Science)
- Focus: Interconnectedness, reciprocity with nature, gratitude, blending ways of knowing.
- Relevance: Statements 4, 5, 8. Deep ecological wisdom and respect for process/diversity.
- Thich Nhat Hanh: No Death, No Fear OR another work on Interbeing (Modern Buddhism)
- Focus: Synthesis of Buddhist thought on continuation, non-self, inter-connectedness.
- Relevance: Statements 1, 3, 7, 8. Applies ancient wisdom to contemporary understanding.
- Revisit: Marcus Aurelius: Meditations OR Seneca: On the Shortness of Life (Roman Stoicism)
- Focus: Consolidating practical wisdom for daily living, acceptance, and virtue.
- Relevance: Application phase for Statements 1, 2, 6, 7.
Gemini: This integrated plan offers a challenging but deeply rewarding path to explore the profound questions you've raised, drawing on the diverse wisdom of humanity. Good luck with your reading and reflection!
Me: Thank you.
Gemini: You're very welcome! I hope the reading plan proves insightful and enriching on your journey exploring these important questions. Happy reading!